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    R&D Systems goat anti human alk1
    GATA6 expression is induced via <t>BMP10-BMPR2/ALK1</t> axis. ( A–F ) HPAECs were transfected with ALK1, BMPR2, Endoglin, or control scr siRNA for 48 h, and then treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle for 6 h for RNA isolation and 24 h for protein isolation. ( A,C,E ): GATA6 mRNA measured by qPCR. Data are means ± SE; each experiment was repeated at least three times. ( B,D,F ): GATA6 protein levels were measured by immunoblot analysis. Data are means ± SE, each experiment was repeated at least three times. Representative blots are shown. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons. ( G–I ) Human PAH PASMC were treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle ( − ) for 48 h and immunoblot analysis to detect indicated proteins was performed. Data are means ± SE from n = 4 subjects/group. *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. ( J,K ) Equal amounts of human PAH HPAEC and PASMC were plated at 6-well plates and treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle ( − ). 48 h later cell counts were performed. Data are means ± SE from n = 3 subjects/group, 3 technical repetitions/subject. *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. ( L,M ) HPAECs were transfected with SMAD1 siRNA, and then treated with BMP10 for 6 h. GATA6 and SMAD1 mRNA levels were measured by qPCR. Data shown as means ± SE. Each experiment was repeated at least three times. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc correction for multiple comparisons. ( N,O ) HPAEC were treated for 30 min with diluent ( − ), 5 µM ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 (ERKi), or 5 µM GSK3 inhibitor CHIR99021 (GSK3i) and then stimulated with BMP10 (10 ng/ml) or vehicle for 24 h. Representative immunoblots ( N ) and statistical analysis ( O ) are shown. ( O ): Data represent GATA6/β-actin ratio. Data are means ± SE from five independent experiments. *p < 0.05 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons. ( E ) HPAECs were treated with BMP10 in the presence or absence of 10 µM ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 for 24 h. GATA6 mRNA levels were measured by qPCR. Data shown as means ± SE. Each experiment was repeated six times. *p < 0.05 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons. The original blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. .
    Goat Anti Human Alk1, supplied by R&D Systems, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 44 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    1) Product Images from "GATA6 coordinates cross-talk between BMP10 and oxidative stress axis in pulmonary arterial hypertension"

    Article Title: GATA6 coordinates cross-talk between BMP10 and oxidative stress axis in pulmonary arterial hypertension

    Journal: Scientific Reports

    doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33779-8

    GATA6 expression is induced via BMP10-BMPR2/ALK1 axis. ( A–F ) HPAECs were transfected with ALK1, BMPR2, Endoglin, or control scr siRNA for 48 h, and then treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle for 6 h for RNA isolation and 24 h for protein isolation. ( A,C,E ): GATA6 mRNA measured by qPCR. Data are means ± SE; each experiment was repeated at least three times. ( B,D,F ): GATA6 protein levels were measured by immunoblot analysis. Data are means ± SE, each experiment was repeated at least three times. Representative blots are shown. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons. ( G–I ) Human PAH PASMC were treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle ( − ) for 48 h and immunoblot analysis to detect indicated proteins was performed. Data are means ± SE from n = 4 subjects/group. *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. ( J,K ) Equal amounts of human PAH HPAEC and PASMC were plated at 6-well plates and treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle ( − ). 48 h later cell counts were performed. Data are means ± SE from n = 3 subjects/group, 3 technical repetitions/subject. *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. ( L,M ) HPAECs were transfected with SMAD1 siRNA, and then treated with BMP10 for 6 h. GATA6 and SMAD1 mRNA levels were measured by qPCR. Data shown as means ± SE. Each experiment was repeated at least three times. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc correction for multiple comparisons. ( N,O ) HPAEC were treated for 30 min with diluent ( − ), 5 µM ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 (ERKi), or 5 µM GSK3 inhibitor CHIR99021 (GSK3i) and then stimulated with BMP10 (10 ng/ml) or vehicle for 24 h. Representative immunoblots ( N ) and statistical analysis ( O ) are shown. ( O ): Data represent GATA6/β-actin ratio. Data are means ± SE from five independent experiments. *p < 0.05 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons. ( E ) HPAECs were treated with BMP10 in the presence or absence of 10 µM ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 for 24 h. GATA6 mRNA levels were measured by qPCR. Data shown as means ± SE. Each experiment was repeated six times. *p < 0.05 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons. The original blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. .
    Figure Legend Snippet: GATA6 expression is induced via BMP10-BMPR2/ALK1 axis. ( A–F ) HPAECs were transfected with ALK1, BMPR2, Endoglin, or control scr siRNA for 48 h, and then treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle for 6 h for RNA isolation and 24 h for protein isolation. ( A,C,E ): GATA6 mRNA measured by qPCR. Data are means ± SE; each experiment was repeated at least three times. ( B,D,F ): GATA6 protein levels were measured by immunoblot analysis. Data are means ± SE, each experiment was repeated at least three times. Representative blots are shown. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons. ( G–I ) Human PAH PASMC were treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle ( − ) for 48 h and immunoblot analysis to detect indicated proteins was performed. Data are means ± SE from n = 4 subjects/group. *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. ( J,K ) Equal amounts of human PAH HPAEC and PASMC were plated at 6-well plates and treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle ( − ). 48 h later cell counts were performed. Data are means ± SE from n = 3 subjects/group, 3 technical repetitions/subject. *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. ( L,M ) HPAECs were transfected with SMAD1 siRNA, and then treated with BMP10 for 6 h. GATA6 and SMAD1 mRNA levels were measured by qPCR. Data shown as means ± SE. Each experiment was repeated at least three times. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc correction for multiple comparisons. ( N,O ) HPAEC were treated for 30 min with diluent ( − ), 5 µM ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 (ERKi), or 5 µM GSK3 inhibitor CHIR99021 (GSK3i) and then stimulated with BMP10 (10 ng/ml) or vehicle for 24 h. Representative immunoblots ( N ) and statistical analysis ( O ) are shown. ( O ): Data represent GATA6/β-actin ratio. Data are means ± SE from five independent experiments. *p < 0.05 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons. ( E ) HPAECs were treated with BMP10 in the presence or absence of 10 µM ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 for 24 h. GATA6 mRNA levels were measured by qPCR. Data shown as means ± SE. Each experiment was repeated six times. *p < 0.05 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons. The original blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. .

    Techniques Used: Expressing, Transfection, Isolation, Western Blot, MANN-WHITNEY

    GATA6 deficiency in PAEC and PASMC results in loss of BMP receptors. ( A ) qPCR of HPAECs transfected with GATA6 or control scr siRNA ( − ) to measure indicated mRNA, each experiment was repeated at least three times. Data are means ± SE, n = 4–7. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by Mann Whitney U test. ( B ) Chromatin immune precipitation (ChiP) assay in HPAECs, n = 8–10. Representative gel images and data quantification are shown. Data are means ± SE, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 by Mann Whitney U test. ( C,D ) Immunoblot analysis of control human PASMC transfected with siRNA GATA6 or control scr siRNA for 48 h. Data are means ± SE, 3 subjects/group, *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. Please see Fig. F,G for GATA6 immunoblots. ( E,F ) Expression of BmpR2, Alk1 , ActRIIB, and endoglin measured by qPCR in PAEC ( F ) and whole lungs ( G ) from WT and Gata6 CKO mice. Data are means ± SE; E: n = 4–5/group; F: n = 6–11 mice/group. Male and female mice responded similarly. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Mann Whitney U test (( E,F ) BmpR2, Alk1 , and ActRIIB ) and unpaired τ test (F Endoglin ). ( G,H ) Control HPAECs transfected with siGATA6 or control scr siRNA ( − ) were assayed by immunoblot analysis to detect indicated BMP receptors. Values are means ± SE of the relative protein levels by densitometry, n = 4–7.*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 by Mann Whitney U test. ( I,J ) Immunoblot analysis of whole lung tissue from Gata6 CKO and WT mice. Values are means ± SE of the relative protein levels by densitometry, n = 3–5/group. Male and female mice responded similarly. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Mann Whitney U test. The original blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. .
    Figure Legend Snippet: GATA6 deficiency in PAEC and PASMC results in loss of BMP receptors. ( A ) qPCR of HPAECs transfected with GATA6 or control scr siRNA ( − ) to measure indicated mRNA, each experiment was repeated at least three times. Data are means ± SE, n = 4–7. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by Mann Whitney U test. ( B ) Chromatin immune precipitation (ChiP) assay in HPAECs, n = 8–10. Representative gel images and data quantification are shown. Data are means ± SE, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 by Mann Whitney U test. ( C,D ) Immunoblot analysis of control human PASMC transfected with siRNA GATA6 or control scr siRNA for 48 h. Data are means ± SE, 3 subjects/group, *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. Please see Fig. F,G for GATA6 immunoblots. ( E,F ) Expression of BmpR2, Alk1 , ActRIIB, and endoglin measured by qPCR in PAEC ( F ) and whole lungs ( G ) from WT and Gata6 CKO mice. Data are means ± SE; E: n = 4–5/group; F: n = 6–11 mice/group. Male and female mice responded similarly. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Mann Whitney U test (( E,F ) BmpR2, Alk1 , and ActRIIB ) and unpaired τ test (F Endoglin ). ( G,H ) Control HPAECs transfected with siGATA6 or control scr siRNA ( − ) were assayed by immunoblot analysis to detect indicated BMP receptors. Values are means ± SE of the relative protein levels by densitometry, n = 4–7.*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 by Mann Whitney U test. ( I,J ) Immunoblot analysis of whole lung tissue from Gata6 CKO and WT mice. Values are means ± SE of the relative protein levels by densitometry, n = 3–5/group. Male and female mice responded similarly. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Mann Whitney U test. The original blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. .

    Techniques Used: Transfection, MANN-WHITNEY, Western Blot, Expressing

    Treatment with DMF restores expression of the BMP receptors, reverses oxidative stress and pulmonary hypertension in Gata6 CKO mice. (DMF or vehicle were administered daily via i.p. injection for 3 weeks. ( A ) qPCR analysis of whole lung tissue from WT and Gata6 CKO mice treated with DMF or vehicle to detect expression of indicated BMP receptors. Data are means ± SE, n = 6–12, *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01 by Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test ( BmpR2, ActRIIB, Alk1 ) and one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison ( Endoglin ). ( B ) qPCR analysis of whole lung tissue from WT and Gata6 CKO mice treated with DMF or vehicle to detect expression of the antioxidant enzymes and eNOS . Data are means ± SE, n = 6–17, *p < 0.05., **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons test ( SOD2, GPX1, CAT ) and Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test ( eNOS ). ( C,D ) mRNA levels of indicated BMP receptors and antioxidant enzymes measured by qPCR in PAEC from WT and Gata6 CKO mice treated with DMF or vehicle. Data are means ± SE, n = 3–6 mice/group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. ( E–G ) RVSP, pulmonary acceleration time as a fraction of ejection time (PAT/ET) and Fulton index (RV/[LV + S]) were evaluated in WT and Gata6 CKO mice in the presence or absence of DMF. Data are means ± SE. n = 5–11 mice/group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (RVSP) and one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (PAT/ET and RV/(LV + S).
    Figure Legend Snippet: Treatment with DMF restores expression of the BMP receptors, reverses oxidative stress and pulmonary hypertension in Gata6 CKO mice. (DMF or vehicle were administered daily via i.p. injection for 3 weeks. ( A ) qPCR analysis of whole lung tissue from WT and Gata6 CKO mice treated with DMF or vehicle to detect expression of indicated BMP receptors. Data are means ± SE, n = 6–12, *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01 by Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test ( BmpR2, ActRIIB, Alk1 ) and one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison ( Endoglin ). ( B ) qPCR analysis of whole lung tissue from WT and Gata6 CKO mice treated with DMF or vehicle to detect expression of the antioxidant enzymes and eNOS . Data are means ± SE, n = 6–17, *p < 0.05., **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons test ( SOD2, GPX1, CAT ) and Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test ( eNOS ). ( C,D ) mRNA levels of indicated BMP receptors and antioxidant enzymes measured by qPCR in PAEC from WT and Gata6 CKO mice treated with DMF or vehicle. Data are means ± SE, n = 3–6 mice/group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. ( E–G ) RVSP, pulmonary acceleration time as a fraction of ejection time (PAT/ET) and Fulton index (RV/[LV + S]) were evaluated in WT and Gata6 CKO mice in the presence or absence of DMF. Data are means ± SE. n = 5–11 mice/group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (RVSP) and one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (PAT/ET and RV/(LV + S).

    Techniques Used: Expressing, Injection

    Graphical representation of the role of GATA6 in coordinating cross-talk between BMP10 and oxidative stress axis in PAH. GATA6 is an activator of anti-oxidant enzymes and its deficiency in PAEC and PASMC induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. BMP10 induces expression of GATA6 through the ALK1, BMPRII, ENG and ERK pathway. GATA6, in turn, transcriptionally activates BMP receptors in PAEC. Endothelial GATA6 regulates PASMC function via paracrine factors. TGFβ2 secreted by GATA6 deficient PAEC induces PASMC proliferation. Administration of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) to mice with endothelial Gata6 loss restores expression of BMP receptors, resolves oxidative stress, and reverses PH.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Graphical representation of the role of GATA6 in coordinating cross-talk between BMP10 and oxidative stress axis in PAH. GATA6 is an activator of anti-oxidant enzymes and its deficiency in PAEC and PASMC induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. BMP10 induces expression of GATA6 through the ALK1, BMPRII, ENG and ERK pathway. GATA6, in turn, transcriptionally activates BMP receptors in PAEC. Endothelial GATA6 regulates PASMC function via paracrine factors. TGFβ2 secreted by GATA6 deficient PAEC induces PASMC proliferation. Administration of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) to mice with endothelial Gata6 loss restores expression of BMP receptors, resolves oxidative stress, and reverses PH.

    Techniques Used: Expressing



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    GATA6 expression is induced via <t>BMP10-BMPR2/ALK1</t> axis. ( A–F ) HPAECs were transfected with ALK1, BMPR2, Endoglin, or control scr siRNA for 48 h, and then treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle for 6 h for RNA isolation and 24 h for protein isolation. ( A,C,E ): GATA6 mRNA measured by qPCR. Data are means ± SE; each experiment was repeated at least three times. ( B,D,F ): GATA6 protein levels were measured by immunoblot analysis. Data are means ± SE, each experiment was repeated at least three times. Representative blots are shown. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons. ( G–I ) Human PAH PASMC were treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle ( − ) for 48 h and immunoblot analysis to detect indicated proteins was performed. Data are means ± SE from n = 4 subjects/group. *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. ( J,K ) Equal amounts of human PAH HPAEC and PASMC were plated at 6-well plates and treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle ( − ). 48 h later cell counts were performed. Data are means ± SE from n = 3 subjects/group, 3 technical repetitions/subject. *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. ( L,M ) HPAECs were transfected with SMAD1 siRNA, and then treated with BMP10 for 6 h. GATA6 and SMAD1 mRNA levels were measured by qPCR. Data shown as means ± SE. Each experiment was repeated at least three times. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc correction for multiple comparisons. ( N,O ) HPAEC were treated for 30 min with diluent ( − ), 5 µM ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 (ERKi), or 5 µM GSK3 inhibitor CHIR99021 (GSK3i) and then stimulated with BMP10 (10 ng/ml) or vehicle for 24 h. Representative immunoblots ( N ) and statistical analysis ( O ) are shown. ( O ): Data represent GATA6/β-actin ratio. Data are means ± SE from five independent experiments. *p < 0.05 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons. ( E ) HPAECs were treated with BMP10 in the presence or absence of 10 µM ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 for 24 h. GATA6 mRNA levels were measured by qPCR. Data shown as means ± SE. Each experiment was repeated six times. *p < 0.05 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons. The original blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. .
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    GATA6 expression is induced via BMP10-BMPR2/ALK1 axis. ( A–F ) HPAECs were transfected with ALK1, BMPR2, Endoglin, or control scr siRNA for 48 h, and then treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle for 6 h for RNA isolation and 24 h for protein isolation. ( A,C,E ): GATA6 mRNA measured by qPCR. Data are means ± SE; each experiment was repeated at least three times. ( B,D,F ): GATA6 protein levels were measured by immunoblot analysis. Data are means ± SE, each experiment was repeated at least three times. Representative blots are shown. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons. ( G–I ) Human PAH PASMC were treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle ( − ) for 48 h and immunoblot analysis to detect indicated proteins was performed. Data are means ± SE from n = 4 subjects/group. *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. ( J,K ) Equal amounts of human PAH HPAEC and PASMC were plated at 6-well plates and treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle ( − ). 48 h later cell counts were performed. Data are means ± SE from n = 3 subjects/group, 3 technical repetitions/subject. *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. ( L,M ) HPAECs were transfected with SMAD1 siRNA, and then treated with BMP10 for 6 h. GATA6 and SMAD1 mRNA levels were measured by qPCR. Data shown as means ± SE. Each experiment was repeated at least three times. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc correction for multiple comparisons. ( N,O ) HPAEC were treated for 30 min with diluent ( − ), 5 µM ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 (ERKi), or 5 µM GSK3 inhibitor CHIR99021 (GSK3i) and then stimulated with BMP10 (10 ng/ml) or vehicle for 24 h. Representative immunoblots ( N ) and statistical analysis ( O ) are shown. ( O ): Data represent GATA6/β-actin ratio. Data are means ± SE from five independent experiments. *p < 0.05 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons. ( E ) HPAECs were treated with BMP10 in the presence or absence of 10 µM ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 for 24 h. GATA6 mRNA levels were measured by qPCR. Data shown as means ± SE. Each experiment was repeated six times. *p < 0.05 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons. The original blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. .

    Journal: Scientific Reports

    Article Title: GATA6 coordinates cross-talk between BMP10 and oxidative stress axis in pulmonary arterial hypertension

    doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33779-8

    Figure Lengend Snippet: GATA6 expression is induced via BMP10-BMPR2/ALK1 axis. ( A–F ) HPAECs were transfected with ALK1, BMPR2, Endoglin, or control scr siRNA for 48 h, and then treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle for 6 h for RNA isolation and 24 h for protein isolation. ( A,C,E ): GATA6 mRNA measured by qPCR. Data are means ± SE; each experiment was repeated at least three times. ( B,D,F ): GATA6 protein levels were measured by immunoblot analysis. Data are means ± SE, each experiment was repeated at least three times. Representative blots are shown. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons. ( G–I ) Human PAH PASMC were treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle ( − ) for 48 h and immunoblot analysis to detect indicated proteins was performed. Data are means ± SE from n = 4 subjects/group. *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. ( J,K ) Equal amounts of human PAH HPAEC and PASMC were plated at 6-well plates and treated with 10 ng/ml BMP10 or vehicle ( − ). 48 h later cell counts were performed. Data are means ± SE from n = 3 subjects/group, 3 technical repetitions/subject. *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. ( L,M ) HPAECs were transfected with SMAD1 siRNA, and then treated with BMP10 for 6 h. GATA6 and SMAD1 mRNA levels were measured by qPCR. Data shown as means ± SE. Each experiment was repeated at least three times. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc correction for multiple comparisons. ( N,O ) HPAEC were treated for 30 min with diluent ( − ), 5 µM ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 (ERKi), or 5 µM GSK3 inhibitor CHIR99021 (GSK3i) and then stimulated with BMP10 (10 ng/ml) or vehicle for 24 h. Representative immunoblots ( N ) and statistical analysis ( O ) are shown. ( O ): Data represent GATA6/β-actin ratio. Data are means ± SE from five independent experiments. *p < 0.05 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons. ( E ) HPAECs were treated with BMP10 in the presence or absence of 10 µM ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 for 24 h. GATA6 mRNA levels were measured by qPCR. Data shown as means ± SE. Each experiment was repeated six times. *p < 0.05 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons. The original blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. .

    Article Snippet: Antibodies were as follows: Goat anti-human GATA6 (R&D; AF1700, 1:500), mouse anti-human GATA6 (Santa-Cruz, 517554, 1:500), Rabbit anti-human/mouse SOD2 (Cell signaling technology; 13141, 1:1000; 13145, 1:5000), Goat anti-human ALK1 (R&D; AF370, 1:500), Rabbit anti-mouse ALK1 (ABGENT AP7807a, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse ActR2B (LS bio; LS-B7781, 1:1000), mouse anti-human BMPR2 (Novus; NBP2-37624 Clone 3F6; 1:1000), rabbit anti-mouse BMPR2 (Proteintech; 19087–1-AP; 1:1000), mouse anti-mouse/human/rat BMPR2 (Abcam, catalog #130206 1:500), rabbit anti-human/mouse Endoglin (Proteintech; 10862–1-AP; 1:1000), rabbit anti-mouse BiP (Abcam; ab53068; 1:1000), rabbit anti-mouse CHOP (Novus; NBP2-13172; 1:1000), mouse anti-beta-actin (Sigma; A1978; 1:2000), mouse anti-human PRPF4 (Abcam, 69878, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human MYEOV (Invitrogen, PA5-48938 1:1000), rabbit anti-human STING (Invitrogen, PA5-26751, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse/rat EAF1 (Invitrogen, PA5-100493, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse/rat Histone H3 (Cell Signaling, 9715 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse/rat a-b Tubulin (Cell Signaling, 2148, 1:1000).

    Techniques: Expressing, Transfection, Isolation, Western Blot, MANN-WHITNEY

    GATA6 deficiency in PAEC and PASMC results in loss of BMP receptors. ( A ) qPCR of HPAECs transfected with GATA6 or control scr siRNA ( − ) to measure indicated mRNA, each experiment was repeated at least three times. Data are means ± SE, n = 4–7. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by Mann Whitney U test. ( B ) Chromatin immune precipitation (ChiP) assay in HPAECs, n = 8–10. Representative gel images and data quantification are shown. Data are means ± SE, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 by Mann Whitney U test. ( C,D ) Immunoblot analysis of control human PASMC transfected with siRNA GATA6 or control scr siRNA for 48 h. Data are means ± SE, 3 subjects/group, *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. Please see Fig. F,G for GATA6 immunoblots. ( E,F ) Expression of BmpR2, Alk1 , ActRIIB, and endoglin measured by qPCR in PAEC ( F ) and whole lungs ( G ) from WT and Gata6 CKO mice. Data are means ± SE; E: n = 4–5/group; F: n = 6–11 mice/group. Male and female mice responded similarly. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Mann Whitney U test (( E,F ) BmpR2, Alk1 , and ActRIIB ) and unpaired τ test (F Endoglin ). ( G,H ) Control HPAECs transfected with siGATA6 or control scr siRNA ( − ) were assayed by immunoblot analysis to detect indicated BMP receptors. Values are means ± SE of the relative protein levels by densitometry, n = 4–7.*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 by Mann Whitney U test. ( I,J ) Immunoblot analysis of whole lung tissue from Gata6 CKO and WT mice. Values are means ± SE of the relative protein levels by densitometry, n = 3–5/group. Male and female mice responded similarly. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Mann Whitney U test. The original blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. .

    Journal: Scientific Reports

    Article Title: GATA6 coordinates cross-talk between BMP10 and oxidative stress axis in pulmonary arterial hypertension

    doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33779-8

    Figure Lengend Snippet: GATA6 deficiency in PAEC and PASMC results in loss of BMP receptors. ( A ) qPCR of HPAECs transfected with GATA6 or control scr siRNA ( − ) to measure indicated mRNA, each experiment was repeated at least three times. Data are means ± SE, n = 4–7. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by Mann Whitney U test. ( B ) Chromatin immune precipitation (ChiP) assay in HPAECs, n = 8–10. Representative gel images and data quantification are shown. Data are means ± SE, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 by Mann Whitney U test. ( C,D ) Immunoblot analysis of control human PASMC transfected with siRNA GATA6 or control scr siRNA for 48 h. Data are means ± SE, 3 subjects/group, *p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test. Please see Fig. F,G for GATA6 immunoblots. ( E,F ) Expression of BmpR2, Alk1 , ActRIIB, and endoglin measured by qPCR in PAEC ( F ) and whole lungs ( G ) from WT and Gata6 CKO mice. Data are means ± SE; E: n = 4–5/group; F: n = 6–11 mice/group. Male and female mice responded similarly. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Mann Whitney U test (( E,F ) BmpR2, Alk1 , and ActRIIB ) and unpaired τ test (F Endoglin ). ( G,H ) Control HPAECs transfected with siGATA6 or control scr siRNA ( − ) were assayed by immunoblot analysis to detect indicated BMP receptors. Values are means ± SE of the relative protein levels by densitometry, n = 4–7.*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 by Mann Whitney U test. ( I,J ) Immunoblot analysis of whole lung tissue from Gata6 CKO and WT mice. Values are means ± SE of the relative protein levels by densitometry, n = 3–5/group. Male and female mice responded similarly. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Mann Whitney U test. The original blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. .

    Article Snippet: Antibodies were as follows: Goat anti-human GATA6 (R&D; AF1700, 1:500), mouse anti-human GATA6 (Santa-Cruz, 517554, 1:500), Rabbit anti-human/mouse SOD2 (Cell signaling technology; 13141, 1:1000; 13145, 1:5000), Goat anti-human ALK1 (R&D; AF370, 1:500), Rabbit anti-mouse ALK1 (ABGENT AP7807a, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse ActR2B (LS bio; LS-B7781, 1:1000), mouse anti-human BMPR2 (Novus; NBP2-37624 Clone 3F6; 1:1000), rabbit anti-mouse BMPR2 (Proteintech; 19087–1-AP; 1:1000), mouse anti-mouse/human/rat BMPR2 (Abcam, catalog #130206 1:500), rabbit anti-human/mouse Endoglin (Proteintech; 10862–1-AP; 1:1000), rabbit anti-mouse BiP (Abcam; ab53068; 1:1000), rabbit anti-mouse CHOP (Novus; NBP2-13172; 1:1000), mouse anti-beta-actin (Sigma; A1978; 1:2000), mouse anti-human PRPF4 (Abcam, 69878, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human MYEOV (Invitrogen, PA5-48938 1:1000), rabbit anti-human STING (Invitrogen, PA5-26751, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse/rat EAF1 (Invitrogen, PA5-100493, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse/rat Histone H3 (Cell Signaling, 9715 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse/rat a-b Tubulin (Cell Signaling, 2148, 1:1000).

    Techniques: Transfection, MANN-WHITNEY, Western Blot, Expressing

    Treatment with DMF restores expression of the BMP receptors, reverses oxidative stress and pulmonary hypertension in Gata6 CKO mice. (DMF or vehicle were administered daily via i.p. injection for 3 weeks. ( A ) qPCR analysis of whole lung tissue from WT and Gata6 CKO mice treated with DMF or vehicle to detect expression of indicated BMP receptors. Data are means ± SE, n = 6–12, *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01 by Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test ( BmpR2, ActRIIB, Alk1 ) and one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison ( Endoglin ). ( B ) qPCR analysis of whole lung tissue from WT and Gata6 CKO mice treated with DMF or vehicle to detect expression of the antioxidant enzymes and eNOS . Data are means ± SE, n = 6–17, *p < 0.05., **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons test ( SOD2, GPX1, CAT ) and Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test ( eNOS ). ( C,D ) mRNA levels of indicated BMP receptors and antioxidant enzymes measured by qPCR in PAEC from WT and Gata6 CKO mice treated with DMF or vehicle. Data are means ± SE, n = 3–6 mice/group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. ( E–G ) RVSP, pulmonary acceleration time as a fraction of ejection time (PAT/ET) and Fulton index (RV/[LV + S]) were evaluated in WT and Gata6 CKO mice in the presence or absence of DMF. Data are means ± SE. n = 5–11 mice/group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (RVSP) and one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (PAT/ET and RV/(LV + S).

    Journal: Scientific Reports

    Article Title: GATA6 coordinates cross-talk between BMP10 and oxidative stress axis in pulmonary arterial hypertension

    doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33779-8

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Treatment with DMF restores expression of the BMP receptors, reverses oxidative stress and pulmonary hypertension in Gata6 CKO mice. (DMF or vehicle were administered daily via i.p. injection for 3 weeks. ( A ) qPCR analysis of whole lung tissue from WT and Gata6 CKO mice treated with DMF or vehicle to detect expression of indicated BMP receptors. Data are means ± SE, n = 6–12, *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01 by Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test ( BmpR2, ActRIIB, Alk1 ) and one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison ( Endoglin ). ( B ) qPCR analysis of whole lung tissue from WT and Gata6 CKO mice treated with DMF or vehicle to detect expression of the antioxidant enzymes and eNOS . Data are means ± SE, n = 6–17, *p < 0.05., **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons test ( SOD2, GPX1, CAT ) and Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test ( eNOS ). ( C,D ) mRNA levels of indicated BMP receptors and antioxidant enzymes measured by qPCR in PAEC from WT and Gata6 CKO mice treated with DMF or vehicle. Data are means ± SE, n = 3–6 mice/group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. ( E–G ) RVSP, pulmonary acceleration time as a fraction of ejection time (PAT/ET) and Fulton index (RV/[LV + S]) were evaluated in WT and Gata6 CKO mice in the presence or absence of DMF. Data are means ± SE. n = 5–11 mice/group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001 by Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (RVSP) and one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (PAT/ET and RV/(LV + S).

    Article Snippet: Antibodies were as follows: Goat anti-human GATA6 (R&D; AF1700, 1:500), mouse anti-human GATA6 (Santa-Cruz, 517554, 1:500), Rabbit anti-human/mouse SOD2 (Cell signaling technology; 13141, 1:1000; 13145, 1:5000), Goat anti-human ALK1 (R&D; AF370, 1:500), Rabbit anti-mouse ALK1 (ABGENT AP7807a, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse ActR2B (LS bio; LS-B7781, 1:1000), mouse anti-human BMPR2 (Novus; NBP2-37624 Clone 3F6; 1:1000), rabbit anti-mouse BMPR2 (Proteintech; 19087–1-AP; 1:1000), mouse anti-mouse/human/rat BMPR2 (Abcam, catalog #130206 1:500), rabbit anti-human/mouse Endoglin (Proteintech; 10862–1-AP; 1:1000), rabbit anti-mouse BiP (Abcam; ab53068; 1:1000), rabbit anti-mouse CHOP (Novus; NBP2-13172; 1:1000), mouse anti-beta-actin (Sigma; A1978; 1:2000), mouse anti-human PRPF4 (Abcam, 69878, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human MYEOV (Invitrogen, PA5-48938 1:1000), rabbit anti-human STING (Invitrogen, PA5-26751, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse/rat EAF1 (Invitrogen, PA5-100493, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse/rat Histone H3 (Cell Signaling, 9715 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse/rat a-b Tubulin (Cell Signaling, 2148, 1:1000).

    Techniques: Expressing, Injection

    Graphical representation of the role of GATA6 in coordinating cross-talk between BMP10 and oxidative stress axis in PAH. GATA6 is an activator of anti-oxidant enzymes and its deficiency in PAEC and PASMC induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. BMP10 induces expression of GATA6 through the ALK1, BMPRII, ENG and ERK pathway. GATA6, in turn, transcriptionally activates BMP receptors in PAEC. Endothelial GATA6 regulates PASMC function via paracrine factors. TGFβ2 secreted by GATA6 deficient PAEC induces PASMC proliferation. Administration of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) to mice with endothelial Gata6 loss restores expression of BMP receptors, resolves oxidative stress, and reverses PH.

    Journal: Scientific Reports

    Article Title: GATA6 coordinates cross-talk between BMP10 and oxidative stress axis in pulmonary arterial hypertension

    doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33779-8

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Graphical representation of the role of GATA6 in coordinating cross-talk between BMP10 and oxidative stress axis in PAH. GATA6 is an activator of anti-oxidant enzymes and its deficiency in PAEC and PASMC induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. BMP10 induces expression of GATA6 through the ALK1, BMPRII, ENG and ERK pathway. GATA6, in turn, transcriptionally activates BMP receptors in PAEC. Endothelial GATA6 regulates PASMC function via paracrine factors. TGFβ2 secreted by GATA6 deficient PAEC induces PASMC proliferation. Administration of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) to mice with endothelial Gata6 loss restores expression of BMP receptors, resolves oxidative stress, and reverses PH.

    Article Snippet: Antibodies were as follows: Goat anti-human GATA6 (R&D; AF1700, 1:500), mouse anti-human GATA6 (Santa-Cruz, 517554, 1:500), Rabbit anti-human/mouse SOD2 (Cell signaling technology; 13141, 1:1000; 13145, 1:5000), Goat anti-human ALK1 (R&D; AF370, 1:500), Rabbit anti-mouse ALK1 (ABGENT AP7807a, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse ActR2B (LS bio; LS-B7781, 1:1000), mouse anti-human BMPR2 (Novus; NBP2-37624 Clone 3F6; 1:1000), rabbit anti-mouse BMPR2 (Proteintech; 19087–1-AP; 1:1000), mouse anti-mouse/human/rat BMPR2 (Abcam, catalog #130206 1:500), rabbit anti-human/mouse Endoglin (Proteintech; 10862–1-AP; 1:1000), rabbit anti-mouse BiP (Abcam; ab53068; 1:1000), rabbit anti-mouse CHOP (Novus; NBP2-13172; 1:1000), mouse anti-beta-actin (Sigma; A1978; 1:2000), mouse anti-human PRPF4 (Abcam, 69878, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human MYEOV (Invitrogen, PA5-48938 1:1000), rabbit anti-human STING (Invitrogen, PA5-26751, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse/rat EAF1 (Invitrogen, PA5-100493, 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse/rat Histone H3 (Cell Signaling, 9715 1:1000), rabbit anti-human/mouse/rat a-b Tubulin (Cell Signaling, 2148, 1:1000).

    Techniques: Expressing

    Figure 1. ALK1 is a target of miR-31-5p in human colonic epithelial cells. (A) Correlation of expression in the colonic mucosa of CD patients (N ¼ 10) between miR-31-5p (reads per million miRNAs mapped, RPMMM) and predicted targets of miR-31-5p (E2F2, ALK1, PRKAB1, and DCBLD2; DESeq normalized). (B) Association between the expression of miR-31-5p and the expression of ALK1 or E2F2 in isolated colonic epithelial cells (N ¼ 27). Gene expression was quantified by qPCR and samples were split into 3 equally sized groups (N ¼ 9 per group) according to the relative miR-31-5p expression levels. (C) Representative blot of ALK1 expression in the colonic tissue of NIBD and CD patients (left). Correlation between ALK1 protein expression and miR-31-5p in the colonic mucosa (right, N ¼ 18). (D) ALK1 expression by immunohistochemistry in the colonic mucosa of NIBD controls and CD patients. The values shown at the bottom are the matched miR-31-5p expression level normalized to NIBD. (E) 3’UTR reporter assay for ALK1 in the presence or absence of 30 nmol/L miRNA mimics for hsa-miR- 31-5p (m31), hsa-miR-122a-5p (m122), or hsa-miR-215-5p (m215) or negative control mimics (NC). N ¼ 6 per group. (F) Schematic representation of the miR-31-5p binding sites in the reporter plasmid. (G) Site-directed mutagenesis assay with 10 nmol/L of m31 or NC mimics (N ¼ 6 per group). All correlation values were calculated by the Spearman correlation coefficient. Each gene expression was normalized to GAPDH (ALK1, E2F2) or RNU48 (miR-31-5p). *P < .05. P values were determined by the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by the Dunn multiple comparison test. Mut, mutation; NC, negative control mimics.

    Journal: Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology

    Article Title: Decreased Colonic Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 Disrupts Epithelial Barrier Integrity in Patients With Crohn's Disease.

    doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.06.005

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1. ALK1 is a target of miR-31-5p in human colonic epithelial cells. (A) Correlation of expression in the colonic mucosa of CD patients (N ¼ 10) between miR-31-5p (reads per million miRNAs mapped, RPMMM) and predicted targets of miR-31-5p (E2F2, ALK1, PRKAB1, and DCBLD2; DESeq normalized). (B) Association between the expression of miR-31-5p and the expression of ALK1 or E2F2 in isolated colonic epithelial cells (N ¼ 27). Gene expression was quantified by qPCR and samples were split into 3 equally sized groups (N ¼ 9 per group) according to the relative miR-31-5p expression levels. (C) Representative blot of ALK1 expression in the colonic tissue of NIBD and CD patients (left). Correlation between ALK1 protein expression and miR-31-5p in the colonic mucosa (right, N ¼ 18). (D) ALK1 expression by immunohistochemistry in the colonic mucosa of NIBD controls and CD patients. The values shown at the bottom are the matched miR-31-5p expression level normalized to NIBD. (E) 3’UTR reporter assay for ALK1 in the presence or absence of 30 nmol/L miRNA mimics for hsa-miR- 31-5p (m31), hsa-miR-122a-5p (m122), or hsa-miR-215-5p (m215) or negative control mimics (NC). N ¼ 6 per group. (F) Schematic representation of the miR-31-5p binding sites in the reporter plasmid. (G) Site-directed mutagenesis assay with 10 nmol/L of m31 or NC mimics (N ¼ 6 per group). All correlation values were calculated by the Spearman correlation coefficient. Each gene expression was normalized to GAPDH (ALK1, E2F2) or RNU48 (miR-31-5p). *P < .05. P values were determined by the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by the Dunn multiple comparison test. Mut, mutation; NC, negative control mimics.

    Article Snippet: Western blot analyses were performed on whole-cell extracts.50 Goat anti-human ALK1 antibody (AF370-SP) and goat IgG horseradish-peroxidase–conjugated antibody (HAF109) were purchased from R&D Systems.

    Techniques: Expressing, Isolation, Gene Expression, Immunohistochemistry, Reporter Assay, Negative Control, Binding Assay, Plasmid Preparation, Mutagenesis, Comparison

    Figure 2. Decreased ALK1 expression is associated with reduced NOTCH activity and NOTCH target gene expression in the colonic epithelial cells of CD patients. (A) Representative blot (left) and the difference of JAG1 and NOTCH intra- cellular domain (NICD) protein expression between NIBD and CD patients (right). (B) BMP9 concentration in the serum of NIBD controls (N ¼ 17) and CD patients (N ¼ 23). (C) NOTCH target gene expression in colonic epithelial cells from CD patients (N ¼ 15) and NIBD controls (N ¼ 12). (D) NOTCH target gene expression in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial cell monolayers. Expanded cells were cultured in expansion media in the presence or absence of BMP9 and ALK1–Fc chimera protein. N ¼ 6 per group. Each gene expression was normalized to (C) GAPDH or (D) RPLP0. *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001. P values were determined by the (A–C) Mann–Whitney test or the (D) Friedman test followed by the Dunn multiple comparison test.

    Journal: Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology

    Article Title: Decreased Colonic Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 Disrupts Epithelial Barrier Integrity in Patients With Crohn's Disease.

    doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.06.005

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2. Decreased ALK1 expression is associated with reduced NOTCH activity and NOTCH target gene expression in the colonic epithelial cells of CD patients. (A) Representative blot (left) and the difference of JAG1 and NOTCH intra- cellular domain (NICD) protein expression between NIBD and CD patients (right). (B) BMP9 concentration in the serum of NIBD controls (N ¼ 17) and CD patients (N ¼ 23). (C) NOTCH target gene expression in colonic epithelial cells from CD patients (N ¼ 15) and NIBD controls (N ¼ 12). (D) NOTCH target gene expression in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial cell monolayers. Expanded cells were cultured in expansion media in the presence or absence of BMP9 and ALK1–Fc chimera protein. N ¼ 6 per group. Each gene expression was normalized to (C) GAPDH or (D) RPLP0. *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001. P values were determined by the (A–C) Mann–Whitney test or the (D) Friedman test followed by the Dunn multiple comparison test.

    Article Snippet: Western blot analyses were performed on whole-cell extracts.50 Goat anti-human ALK1 antibody (AF370-SP) and goat IgG horseradish-peroxidase–conjugated antibody (HAF109) were purchased from R&D Systems.

    Techniques: Expressing, Activity Assay, Targeted Gene Expression, Concentration Assay, Derivative Assay, Cell Culture, Gene Expression, MANN-WHITNEY, Comparison

    Figure 3. Expression of miR-31-5p and ALK1 in primary- cultured colonic epithelial monolayers derived from NIBD controls and CD patients. N ¼ 6 per group. Each gene expression was normalized to RNU48 (miR-31-5p) or GAPDH (ALK1). Statistical significance was determined by the Mann–Whitney test.

    Journal: Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology

    Article Title: Decreased Colonic Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 Disrupts Epithelial Barrier Integrity in Patients With Crohn's Disease.

    doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.06.005

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3. Expression of miR-31-5p and ALK1 in primary- cultured colonic epithelial monolayers derived from NIBD controls and CD patients. N ¼ 6 per group. Each gene expression was normalized to RNU48 (miR-31-5p) or GAPDH (ALK1). Statistical significance was determined by the Mann–Whitney test.

    Article Snippet: Western blot analyses were performed on whole-cell extracts.50 Goat anti-human ALK1 antibody (AF370-SP) and goat IgG horseradish-peroxidase–conjugated antibody (HAF109) were purchased from R&D Systems.

    Techniques: Expressing, Cell Culture, Derivative Assay, Gene Expression, MANN-WHITNEY

    Figure 4. BMP9–ALK1 signaling restricts the stemness of human colonic IECs. (A) EdU assay in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial cell monolayers (N ¼ 4–8 per group). Expanded cells were cultured in EM in the presence or absence of BMP9 and ALK1–Fc chimera protein. Red, EdU; blue, Hoechst 33342. (B) Proliferation- and stemness-related gene expression in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial cell monolayers (N ¼ 6 per group). (C) Proliferation- and stemness-related gene expression in colonic epithelial cells isolated from CD patients (N ¼ 15) and NIBD controls (N ¼ 12). (D) Representative immunohistochemical images of OLFM4 expression in the colonic crypts of NIBD controls (left) and CD patients (right). The percentage of OLFM4 staining area in colonic crypts was compared between CD patients and NIBD controls (N ¼ 4 per group). Each gene expression was normalized to (B) RPLP0 or (C) GAPDH. *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001. P values were determined by the (A) Kruskal–Wallis test or the (B) Friedman test followed by the Dunn multiple comparisons test, or the (C and D) Mann–Whitney test.

    Journal: Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology

    Article Title: Decreased Colonic Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 Disrupts Epithelial Barrier Integrity in Patients With Crohn's Disease.

    doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.06.005

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. BMP9–ALK1 signaling restricts the stemness of human colonic IECs. (A) EdU assay in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial cell monolayers (N ¼ 4–8 per group). Expanded cells were cultured in EM in the presence or absence of BMP9 and ALK1–Fc chimera protein. Red, EdU; blue, Hoechst 33342. (B) Proliferation- and stemness-related gene expression in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial cell monolayers (N ¼ 6 per group). (C) Proliferation- and stemness-related gene expression in colonic epithelial cells isolated from CD patients (N ¼ 15) and NIBD controls (N ¼ 12). (D) Representative immunohistochemical images of OLFM4 expression in the colonic crypts of NIBD controls (left) and CD patients (right). The percentage of OLFM4 staining area in colonic crypts was compared between CD patients and NIBD controls (N ¼ 4 per group). Each gene expression was normalized to (B) RPLP0 or (C) GAPDH. *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001. P values were determined by the (A) Kruskal–Wallis test or the (B) Friedman test followed by the Dunn multiple comparisons test, or the (C and D) Mann–Whitney test.

    Article Snippet: Western blot analyses were performed on whole-cell extracts.50 Goat anti-human ALK1 antibody (AF370-SP) and goat IgG horseradish-peroxidase–conjugated antibody (HAF109) were purchased from R&D Systems.

    Techniques: EdU Assay, Derivative Assay, Cell Culture, Gene Expression, Isolation, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing, Staining, MANN-WHITNEY

    Figure 5. BMP9–ALK1 signaling is associated with epithelial cell differentiation toward colonocytes. (A) Lineage-specific gene expression in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial cell monolayers. Expanded cells were cultured in expansion media in the presence or absence of BMP9 and ALK1–Fc chimera protein. Each gene expression was normalized to RPLP0 (N ¼ 6 per group). (B) CA1 protein expression in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial monolayers (N ¼ 4 per group). (C) Colonocyte marker expression in colonic epithelial cells isolated from CD patients (N ¼ 15) and NIBD controls (N ¼ 12). Each gene expression was normalized to GAPDH. (D) CA1 expression by immunohistochemistry in the colonic mucosa of NIBD controls (left) and CD patients (right). (E) CA1 protein expression in the colonic mucosa of NIBD controls and CD patients (N ¼ 5 per group). *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001, and ****P < .0001. P values were determined by the (A and B) Friedman test followed by the Dunn multiple comparison test, or the (C and E) Mann–Whitney test.

    Journal: Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology

    Article Title: Decreased Colonic Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 Disrupts Epithelial Barrier Integrity in Patients With Crohn's Disease.

    doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.06.005

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 5. BMP9–ALK1 signaling is associated with epithelial cell differentiation toward colonocytes. (A) Lineage-specific gene expression in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial cell monolayers. Expanded cells were cultured in expansion media in the presence or absence of BMP9 and ALK1–Fc chimera protein. Each gene expression was normalized to RPLP0 (N ¼ 6 per group). (B) CA1 protein expression in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial monolayers (N ¼ 4 per group). (C) Colonocyte marker expression in colonic epithelial cells isolated from CD patients (N ¼ 15) and NIBD controls (N ¼ 12). Each gene expression was normalized to GAPDH. (D) CA1 expression by immunohistochemistry in the colonic mucosa of NIBD controls (left) and CD patients (right). (E) CA1 protein expression in the colonic mucosa of NIBD controls and CD patients (N ¼ 5 per group). *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001, and ****P < .0001. P values were determined by the (A and B) Friedman test followed by the Dunn multiple comparison test, or the (C and E) Mann–Whitney test.

    Article Snippet: Western blot analyses were performed on whole-cell extracts.50 Goat anti-human ALK1 antibody (AF370-SP) and goat IgG horseradish-peroxidase–conjugated antibody (HAF109) were purchased from R&D Systems.

    Techniques: Cell Differentiation, Gene Expression, Derivative Assay, Cell Culture, Expressing, Marker, Isolation, Immunohistochemistry, Comparison, MANN-WHITNEY

    Figure 7. BMP9–ALK1 signaling enhances human colonic IEC barrier integrity. (A) Gene expression of junctional proteins in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial cell monolayers. Expanded cells were cultured in expansion media in the presence or absence of BMP9 and ALK1–Fc chimera protein. Each gene expression was normalized to RPLP0 (N ¼ 6 per group). (B) Gene expression of tight junction proteins in colonic epithelial cells isolated from CD patients (N ¼ 15) and NIBD controls (N ¼ 12). Each gene expression was normalized to GAPDH. (C) Epithelial permeability assay in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial cells cultured on a collagen scaffold. TEER was measured over time (N ¼ 3 per group). (D) Cells were stimulated with BMP9 in EM in the presence or absence of ALK1–Fc chimera protein or cultured in DM on day 4. The changes in TEER between days 4 and 6 are shown as DTEER% (N ¼ 4–8 per group). *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001. P values were determined by the (A and D) Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Dunn multiple comparison test, and the (B) Mann–Whitney test.

    Journal: Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology

    Article Title: Decreased Colonic Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 Disrupts Epithelial Barrier Integrity in Patients With Crohn's Disease.

    doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.06.005

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 7. BMP9–ALK1 signaling enhances human colonic IEC barrier integrity. (A) Gene expression of junctional proteins in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial cell monolayers. Expanded cells were cultured in expansion media in the presence or absence of BMP9 and ALK1–Fc chimera protein. Each gene expression was normalized to RPLP0 (N ¼ 6 per group). (B) Gene expression of tight junction proteins in colonic epithelial cells isolated from CD patients (N ¼ 15) and NIBD controls (N ¼ 12). Each gene expression was normalized to GAPDH. (C) Epithelial permeability assay in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial cells cultured on a collagen scaffold. TEER was measured over time (N ¼ 3 per group). (D) Cells were stimulated with BMP9 in EM in the presence or absence of ALK1–Fc chimera protein or cultured in DM on day 4. The changes in TEER between days 4 and 6 are shown as DTEER% (N ¼ 4–8 per group). *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001. P values were determined by the (A and D) Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Dunn multiple comparison test, and the (B) Mann–Whitney test.

    Article Snippet: Western blot analyses were performed on whole-cell extracts.50 Goat anti-human ALK1 antibody (AF370-SP) and goat IgG horseradish-peroxidase–conjugated antibody (HAF109) were purchased from R&D Systems.

    Techniques: Gene Expression, Derivative Assay, Cell Culture, Isolation, Permeability, Comparison, MANN-WHITNEY

    Figure 8. Decreased colonic ALK1 is associated with a poor clinical outcome in CD patients. (A) ALK1 expression was quantified in colonic biopsy samples obtained from NIBD controls (N ¼ 10) and CD patients (N ¼ 28) by qPCR. (B) ALK1 expression in the colonic mucosa of CD patients at the time of surgery and after surgery (N ¼ 5 per group). (C) Percentages of CD patients who were diagnosed as CD before and after age 40 years in low-ALK1 (N ¼ 15) and hi-ALK1 (N ¼ 13) CD subsets. (D) Kaplan–Meier survival analysis to evaluate the impact of colonic ALK1 expression on endoscopic relapse in patients with CD (N ¼ 12 for low-ALK1 and 9 for hi-ALK1 CD subgroups). ALK1 expression was normalized to GAPDH. ***P < .001. P values were determined by the (A) Mann–Whitney test, (B) Wilcoxon test, and (D) log-rank test.

    Journal: Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology

    Article Title: Decreased Colonic Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 Disrupts Epithelial Barrier Integrity in Patients With Crohn's Disease.

    doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.06.005

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 8. Decreased colonic ALK1 is associated with a poor clinical outcome in CD patients. (A) ALK1 expression was quantified in colonic biopsy samples obtained from NIBD controls (N ¼ 10) and CD patients (N ¼ 28) by qPCR. (B) ALK1 expression in the colonic mucosa of CD patients at the time of surgery and after surgery (N ¼ 5 per group). (C) Percentages of CD patients who were diagnosed as CD before and after age 40 years in low-ALK1 (N ¼ 15) and hi-ALK1 (N ¼ 13) CD subsets. (D) Kaplan–Meier survival analysis to evaluate the impact of colonic ALK1 expression on endoscopic relapse in patients with CD (N ¼ 12 for low-ALK1 and 9 for hi-ALK1 CD subgroups). ALK1 expression was normalized to GAPDH. ***P < .001. P values were determined by the (A) Mann–Whitney test, (B) Wilcoxon test, and (D) log-rank test.

    Article Snippet: Western blot analyses were performed on whole-cell extracts.50 Goat anti-human ALK1 antibody (AF370-SP) and goat IgG horseradish-peroxidase–conjugated antibody (HAF109) were purchased from R&D Systems.

    Techniques: Expressing, MANN-WHITNEY